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GRE考试阅读理解练习题及答案
GRE阅读题目解析:治疗胃酸的药
Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex. It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was.
1. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; the second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that claim.
B. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist’s argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
C. The first states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument; the second states a conclusion that the columnist draws in defending that conclusion against an objection.
D. The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnist's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
E. The first is a claim that has been offered as evidence to support a position that the columnist opposes; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
1
Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor.
专栏作者：直到最近，P 和 V，两种治疗胃酸过多的药，都是处方药。
2
In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex.
在 P 的一则广告中，生产商认为 P 更好，根据是医生已经对 P 开出了两亿份处方，而 V 只有一亿。
3
It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was.
当然可以反驳说，开出过多少份处方从来不是比较药物优劣的恰当标准，然而只要注意到 P 作为一种处方药比 V 上市早若干年，就足见该广告逻辑之荒谬。
(此句涉及 but 引导的一种让步关系(很多时候我们忽略了 but 的让步意味，只把它等同于汉语中的 “ 转折 ”，二者还是有区别的)：
让步条件，处方数不是评价药物好坏的标准(这很好理解，因为有价格，医保是否覆盖等很多因素影响一种药的销量);
强调内容，广告逻辑荒谬。
前半句被让步掉了，(尽管)这不是一种评价药物优劣的恰当标准，(让步，即便我们就用这种不恰当的标准来评价两种药 —— 假定让步条件为真)结论仍然是有问题的，因为这种比较不公平，P 比 V 上市早若干年。)
1. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; the second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that claim.
B. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist’s argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
C. The first states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument; the second states a conclusion that the columnist draws in defending that conclusion against an objection.
D. The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnist's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
E. The first is a claim that has been offered as evidence to support a position that the columnist opposes; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
选 B
本题考查批判性思维 critical thinking 基础，即分辨什么是结论 conclusions，什么是证据 evidence 或 理由 reasons。
不理解这种问法，说明你还没进入 GRE 语文的基本语境，去读 Asking the Right Questions 吧，趁还来得及。
本文篇幅很短，所以逻辑关系相当清晰，简述如下。
1)广告逻辑：
结论 conclusion 1：P 比 V 好。
理由 reason 1：医生开出的 P 处方比 V 多一倍。
2)专栏作者逻辑：
结论 conclusion 2：广告是放屁。
理由 reason 2-1：处方数量不能如实反映药物的疗效。
理由 reason 2-2：P 比 V 上市早。
综上，选 B。
GRE考试阅读理解练习题及答案
GRE阅读题目解析:弗兰德斯派大师
Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck. Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as anyone with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting. The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos. Yet armadillos are native only to Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.
2. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a position that the argument seeks to reject, the second is evidence that the argument uses against that position.
B. The first and the second are each pieces of evidence that have been used to support the position that the argument opposes.
C. The first presents the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
D. The first is a judgment that serves as the basis for the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that main conclusion.
E. The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn in order to support a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that intermediate conclusion.
1
Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck.
风格上的和来自实验室的证据，都有力地支持这样的观点，即大画 G o E 出自弗兰德斯派大师 v E 之手。
佛兰德斯艺术 [Flemish art]
佛兰德斯15世纪到17世纪初期的艺术，以生气蓬勃的写实主义和高超的技术造诣而著称。佛兰德斯画派的先驱一般都住在勃艮第大公国的第一个首都第戎。这些大公在1363～1482年间建立了强大的佛兰德斯和勃艮第政治联盟。善良的腓力三世迁都于布鲁日，1425年正式任命 爱克 (1390～1441)为宫廷画师。他的画作代表着早期佛兰德斯绘画的开端，又象征着它的全盛时期。15世纪末，爱克后一代的画家并未一味仿效他，而是面向意大利以求得画面形象结构的发展。R.van der韦登、P.赫里斯特斯、D.包茨、H.van der胡斯、H.梅姆灵和G.戴维等人的画作虽着重创新，但其视觉艺术效果却与爱克相去甚远。16世纪，在H.博斯的影响下，P.勃鲁盖尔(老)将当时的残酷性反映在他的那些生动地描绘了农民生活的作品里。17世纪的大师P.P.鲁本斯精通油画艺术，他的成熟的寓言风格与巴罗克时期的奢华趣味完全吻合。参阅早期尼德兰艺术(early Netherlandish art)。
爱克 [Eyck, Jan van]
(1395年前，神圣罗马帝国 列日主教区 马塞克城～1441.7.9前，布吕赫)
佛兰德斯画家。1422年任荷兰伯爵，巴伐利亚的约翰的室内侍从和宫廷画师。后为勃艮地公爵善良的腓力三世服务。现存确系他的画作只有属于他艺术生涯最后十年的作品，其中10幅有他的签名与日期，这个数目在这个时期已不寻常。爱克的绘画以肖像和宗教为主题，他的画作才华横溢，极富理性，又充满象征意义。代表作品有《羔羊受崇敬》(1432)，与其兄休伯特(约1370～1426)合作，该作品以《根特祭坛画》闻名遐迩。他通常被认为是15世纪北欧最伟大的画家。他的作品被大量复制和收藏。
(大英袖珍百科)
2
Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as anyone with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting.
然而，任何对历史和动物学稍有了解的人，只要看看这幅画，就可以得出结论，作者肯定另有其人。
3
The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos.
画中的动物都栩栩如生地再现了它们实际的样子，包括犰狳。
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
犰狳(音 求于，猜你也不会念)
4
Yet armadillos are native only to Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.
但犰狳原产于美洲，且 v E 在欧洲人发现美洲大陆前几十年就去世了。
2. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a position that the argument seeks to reject, the second is evidence that the argument uses against that position.
B. The first and the second are each pieces of evidence that have been used to support the position that the argument opposes.
C. The first presents the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
D. The first is a judgment that serves as the basis for the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that main conclusion.
E. The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn in order to support a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that intermediate conclusion.
选 C
还是让我们辨析目标句的逻辑功能。
作者的论证，可简述为：
结论 conclusion：大画《伊甸园》的作者必不是凡爱克。
理由 1 reason 1：画中动物都贴合实际，包括犰狳。
理由 2 reason 2：犰狳系美洲原产，但凡爱克死时欧洲人尚未抵达美洲。
reason 1 + reason 2 => conclusion
综上，选 C 。
GRE考试阅读理解练习题及答案
GRE阅读题目解析:叙梦寓言诗
There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions. Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland’s poem probably predates Chaucer’s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.
5. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the critics’ argument?
A. Piers Plowman is one of Langland’s major works, whereas House of Fame is a minor work of Chaucer’s.
B. House of Fame survives in only three manuscript copies, substantially fewer than the number of manuscript copies that exist of Piers Plowman.
C. Because Piers Plowman became a well-known work in its day, it is likely that the similarities between it and House of Fame were detected by many of the people who read House of Fame soon after Chaucer wrote it.
D. Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar.
E. There is no evidence that Chaucer and Langland ever met or that they corresponded with each other about literary topics.
P58
1
There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions.
L(1330 - 1400)的 < Piers Plowman > 和 C (1342 - 1400)的 < House of Fame > 这两首 dream visions(叙梦寓言诗)，在结构与主题上有很多相似。
(
dream vision
A narrative poem, especially in medieval literature, in which the main character falls asleep and experiences events having allegorical, didactic, or moral significance.
叙梦寓言诗：叙事诗，尤指在中世纪文学中的叙事诗，其中主要人物入睡后经历有谕意的说教性的或有道德意义的事件
【AHD】
)
2
Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland’s poem probably predates Chaucer’s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.
一些评论者认为，因为 Middle English poetry 中很少见到这两首诗共有的某些元素，且 L 的诗也许完成得比 C 早若干年，所以 C 很可能在写 < House of Fame > 时受到了 < Piers Plowman > 的影响。
5. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the critics’ argument?
A. Piers Plowman is one of Langland’s major works, whereas House of Fame is a minor work of Chaucer’s.
B. House of Fame survives in only three manuscript copies, substantially fewer than the number of manuscript copies that exist of Piers Plowman.
C. Because Piers Plowman became a well-known work in its day, it is likely that the similarities between it and House of Fame were detected by many of the people who read House of Fame soon after Chaucer wrote it.
D. Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar.
E. There is no evidence that Chaucer and Langland ever met or that they corresponded with each other about literary topics.
选 D
削弱题。选一项，能够最有力地削弱文段陈述的 argument 。
先再磨叽一遍基础，argument 在 GRE 语文中，通常指一种用理由 reasons 或证据 evidence 支撑结论 conclusions 的过程。本题通过提出竞争性解释 rival causes 的方式削弱论证，所谓竞争性解释，就是针对已知的结论，提出另一种合理的解释，从而使原论证失去唯一的有效性，是为削弱。
先找 critics' argument 的理由和结论。
结论在句 2 最后分句：C 诗受了 L 诗的影响。
D
像 P P 这样主题与结构，在拉丁语，意大利语，法语作品中很常见，C 可能也熟悉这些作品(而受到了影响)。
显然 D 提供了另一种解释，削弱了 C 受 L 影响的结论。
本题比较明显，其他几个不翻译了，有异议的来 confront me，等里。
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