首页/杂文 2022年11月CATTI英语三级笔译真题(译家翻译)完整收录版与相关精品文章荐读

2022年11月CATTI英语三级笔译真题

时间：2022-11-15 11:02

原标题：2022年11月CATTI英语三级笔译真题(译家翻译)完整收录版与相关精品文章荐读

英译汉真题

In times of stress, like living through a global pandemic, it’s natural to fall back on soothing habits — gardening, playing video games or, for some, lighting up a cigarette or taking a pull on a marijuana vape pen.

But what are the risks, given that the novel coronavirus at the center of the current crisis attacks the lungs? The science is in its early stages, but studies are finding that cigarette smokers are more likely to have severe infections. “It’s now pretty clear that there is data to show that if you are a smoker, you’re more likely to have adverse outcomes from COVID-19, need mechanical ventilation and to die than if you’re not a smoker,” said Richard Castriotta, a doctor specializing in pulmonary critical care at Keck Medicine of USC. Smoking damages the lung’s defense mechanisms, making it harder to fight off COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, according to several doctors who specialize in chest conditions like pneumonia, asthma and tuberculosis. One of the disease’s main targets is the lungs, and injured lungs have more trouble fighting off COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, Castriotta said.

What does science say?

Early data was conflicting. Some reports indicated that smoking was not associated with increased adverse outcomes and that smokers were underrepresented in hospital settings, leading some — such as the celebrated painter David Hockney — to claim that smokers might even have immunity to the virus that has claimed more than 1,500 lives in California.

Stanton Glantz, director of a tobacco research and education center at the University of California San Francisco, called the claims “really fringe stuff,” primarily being pushed by tobacco and vaping advocates. A meta-analysis helmed by his research team that combined data from 12 studies on the topic has debunked them, he said.

Current smokers face double the risk of disease progression, according to a pair of recent studies cited by Glantz. One study from China indicated that it increased the risk by a factor of four. Another study found that of those who died of COVID-19, 9% were current smokers, compared with 4% of those that survived.

“And that’s exactly what you’d expect, based on what we know about the biology,” Glantz said.

Smoking hinders the function of cilia, small hair-like projections that line the respiratory tract, which “beat up and out any kind of particles that are inhaled,” said Kathryn Melamed, a pulmonary and critical care physician at UCLA Medical Center.

Smoking also inhibits blood cells that would otherwise clean and repair damaged lungs, she said.

What about vaping?

Less is known about how coronavirus patients who use vaping and e-cigarette products are faring, given a dearth of relevant studies, but several doctors suspect their trajectory will mirror that of cigarette smokers.

“Vaping has all the same adverse effects as smoking does,” Glantz said.

Marijuana?

Messaging in the medical marijuana space has been to switch to edibles or tinctures if possible, although several doctors said they weren’t familiar with literature that looked at the impact of smoking cannabis on coronavirus infections.

That’s what Peter Grinspoon, a primary care physician in Boston and longtime medical marijuana advocate, said he’s advising patients to do.

“Two packs of cigarettes a day is obviously worse than a puff of cannabis a month, but smoking anything can irritate the lining of your lungs,” Grinspoon said.

He added: “It just seems intuitively true that if you irritate the lining of your lungs, you set yourself up for trouble in a disease that happens to cause most of its mortality by attacking your lungs.”

Cannabis sales in California have been booming during the pandemic, and Grinspoon said many patients are using it to treat anxiety likely exacerbated by the public health crisis. He said he supports the responsible use for those symptoms but cautioned inexperienced users to “start low and go slow” with the dosage to avoid increasing anxiety.

What about secondhand smoke?

Glantz said he’s familiar with one study that showed that smokers did not expel more of a respiratory virus than non-smokers, although they do cough more.

“The smoke itself doesn’t seem to increase the amount of virus that gets in the air,” he said.

However, he said that to the extent that the virus is carried in tiny aerosol particles that stay in the air, one of the possible means of transmission, the smoke shows where those particles are located.

“It’s like, if you have a stream and you’re putting some clear pollutant in it, and then you drip food coloring in it to see where the stream is going,” Glantz said. “So the cigarette smoke or aerosol acts kind of like a marker of where it is.”

In other words, if you can smell it or see it, you know where the virus could be.

Another study showed that people who had been exposed to secondhand smoke were more likely to contract tuberculosis and didn’t do as well as those who weren’t exposed to smoke once they got it, Glantz said.

“So in terms of these immuno-suppressive effects, as it relates to tuberculosis, secondhand smoke has adverse effects,” he said. “In fact, they’re surprisingly big.”

汉译英真题

随着经济社会发展和物质消费水平大幅提高，我国生活垃圾产生量迅速增长，环境隐患日益突出，已经成为新型城镇化发展的制约因素。实施生活垃圾分类(garbage sorting),可以有效改善城多环境，促进资源回收利用,提高城镇化质量。

垃圾分类是处理垃圾的首要环节，是解决垃圾出路问题的一个重要举措，垃圾分类是按照垃圾的不同成分、利用价值、以及对环境的影响，根揭不同处置方式的要求，分成若干种类，进行分类投放，并通过分类收集、分类运输，分类处理，实现垃圾减品化、资源化、无害化。

通过分类投放、分类收集，把有用物品，如纸张、塑料、橡胶、玻璃、瓶罐、金属以及废旧家用电器等从垃圾中分离出来利用，变废为宝，既提高垃圾资源利用水平，又可减少垃圾处理量，是实现垃圾减量化和资源化的重要途径和手段。如1吨废纸可再生新纸0.8吨，相当于少砍伐树龄为30年的树木20棵。

垃圾通过分类收集后便于对不同垃圾进行分类处置。如对厨余果皮进行堆肥发酵处理，转化为有机肥。其他垃圾以及堆肥处理产生残渣进行卫生填埋或焚烧，可以减少填埋量，从而节省宝贵的土地资源，实现社会效益和生态环境的双赢。

我们每天产生的生活垃圾如果不分类，将增加后续处理难度，导致垃圾处理效果不理想，造成对空气、水质、土壤的污染，危害人体健康，损害环境。目前，垃圾的处理问题越来越引起人们的关注，垃圾可以回收再利用，可以发电，可以把它制成优质有机肥等。通过生活垃圾分类投放、分类收集、分类处置,变废为宝,既能提高垃圾资源利用水平,又能滅少垃圾处置量,达到回收可用资源、降低处置成本、减少土地消耗的目标,实现杜会、经济、生态三方面的效益。

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